Computer Network

Unit 1: Introduction

2079 Chaitra (Q1) [4+4] — Define protocol. How do you differentiate OSI's network and transport layer with TCP/IP's network and transport layer?
2077 Chaitra (Q1) [3+5] — Explain briefly the architecture for peer-to-peer network model with example. Compare and contrast OSI reference model and TCP/IP model.
2076 Baisakh (Q1) [1+2+5] — What is computer network? What are the applications of computer networks? Explain the differences between OSI and TCP/IP reference model.
2076 Bhadra (Q1) [5+3] — Explain the different layers of OSI reference model with appropriate figure. How does it differ from the TCP/IP model?
2075 Bhadra (Q1) [3+5] — What are the reasons for using layered protocol? How does the process of data encapsulation occur in transmission mode described by seven layers of the OSI model?
2075 Baisakh (Q1) [3+5] — What are the reasons for using layered protocols? Compare OSI reference model and TCP/IP model.
2074 Bhadra (Q1) [5+3] — Explain the design issues of computer network software. Distinguish between physical channel and physical layer.
2074 Bhadra (Q6) [3+2.5+2.5] — Differentiate the following in the context of TCP/IP layers: SMTP and IMAP; HTTP and DNS; port and socket.
2073 Bhadra (Q1) [4+6] — Explain the importance of layered architecture in computer networking. Explain the functions of hub, bridge, and router.
2073 Magh (Q1) [3+5] — How does the client-server model work? Differentiate it from peer-to-peer network with advantages and disadvantages.
2072 Ashwin (Q1) [1+2+5] — Define protocol. Why do we need layered protocol architecture? Explain each layer of TCP/IP protocol architecture in detail.
2072 Magh (Q1) [3+5] — What are the advantages of computer network? Differentiate between TCP/IP and OSI model.
2071 Bhadra (Q1) [2+3+3] — What is internetwork? What are the layer design issues? Explain connection-oriented and connectionless service. (Also relates to Unit 4.)
2071 Magh (Q1) [5+3] — Explain OSI reference model. Differentiate between OSI and TCP/IP model.
2070 Bhadra (Q1) [2+6] — Can we implement OSI model in any type of communication? Describe TCP/IP model with reference to OSI model.
2070 Magh (Q1) [3+5] — Why is it necessary to have network software in layered architecture? Compare TCP/IP and OSI reference model.
2069 Bhadra (Q1) [2+6] — Why are network software designed with layers stacked on top of one another? What factors should be considered while designing these layers and the interfaces between them?

Unit 2: Physical Layer

2081 Chaitra (Q2) [4+4] — Explain different kinds of switching techniques used in data communication. Differentiate between virtual circuit and datagram.
2079 Chaitra (Q4) [2+8] — What are IPv4 address classes? How do you subnetwork a class C network block into subnets of 41, 14, 102, and 21 computers respectively? Explain with example. (Best fit is Unit 4, but retained here because it also touches addressing basics.)
2077 Chaitra (Q2) [4+4] — Explain twisted pair cable with its practical applications. Differentiate between circuit switching and packet switching.
2076 Baisakh (Q2) [2+6] — Define latency and throughput for a transmission channel. Explain the characteristics of twisted pair, coaxial, and optical fiber cable.
2076 Bhadra (Q2) [2+2+4] — What are the causes of packet delay in computer networks? Explain bandwidth and throughput. What are the differences between circuit switching and packet switching?
2075 Bhadra (Q2) [3+5] — What is switching? Compare circuit switching and packet switching.
2075 Baisakh (Q2) [3+5] — Differentiate between wired and wireless media with their benefits and drawbacks. Discuss packet switching and circuit switching with example.
2074 Bhadra (Q2) [2+6] — What do you mean by switching in communication? Compare virtual circuit and datagram approach with suitable diagram.
2073 Magh (Q2) [2+6] — List guided and unguided media used in computer network. Explain Ethernet cable standards.
2072 Ashwin (Q2) [4+4] — Write down the transmission media used for networking. Differentiate between circuit switching and packet switching.
2072 Magh (Q2) [4+4] — Explain different types of multiplexing used in communication system. Differentiate between virtual-circuit switching and datagram.
2071 Bhadra (Q2) [8] — Define transmission media. Why are twisted pair, coaxial, and wireless media often replaced by optical fiber? Justify with necessary diagram, working principle, and transmission mechanism.
2071 Magh (Q2) [2+2+4] — Compare packet-switched and circuit-switched networks. Which would you prefer and why? Explain various cabling techniques used in IEEE 802.3 standard.
2070 Bhadra (Q2) [2+6] — What is transmission media? Describe twisted pair, coaxial, and satellite.
2070 Magh (Q2) [8] — Compare the different types of transmission media with appropriate figures.
2069 Bhadra (Q2) [5+3] — Explain different types of multiplexing used in communication system. Differentiate between circuit switching and packet switching.

Unit 3: Data Link Layer

2081 Chaitra (Q3) [4+4] — Explain different kinds of ALOHA protocol in wireless communication. Derive the efficiency of slotted ALOHA.
2081 Chaitra (Q10) [2x4] — Write short notes on FDDI.
2079 Chaitra (Q2) [2+6] — What do you mean by framing? How does data link layer apply flow control technique in network communication? Explain with example.
2079 Chaitra (Q3) [2+6] — What is ALOHA system? How does CSMA/CD work? Explain.
2079 Chaitra (Q10) [2x3] — Write short notes on ATM network.
2077 Chaitra (Q3) [3+5] — What are the services provided by data link layer? Explain Ethernet frame with the function of each field.
2077 Chaitra (Q10) [2x4] — Write short notes on ALOHA.
2076 Baisakh (Q3) [2+6] — What are the different sub-layers of data link layer? Explain the functions of each sub-layer.
2076 Bhadra (Q3) [2+4+2] — What are multiple access protocols? How does CSMA/CD work? Why is it not suitable for wireless medium?
2076 Bhadra (Q10) [4+4] — Write short notes on PPP.
2075 Bhadra (Q3) [2+6] — What are the different methods of framing? Explain any one framing method with example.
2075 Baisakh (Q3) [4+4] — Explain different types of ALOHA. Differentiate between token bus and token ring networks.
2075 Baisakh (Q10) [4+4] — Write short notes on flow control and mechanism of DLL.
2074 Bhadra (Q3) [3+5] — Why is media access so important in data link layer? Explain the operation of CSMA/CD. How can you make it more efficient?
2074 Bhadra (Q10) [2x4] — Write short notes on medium access sub-layer.
2073 Bhadra (Q3) [4+4] — Explain HDLC with its frame format. Explain the fault tolerance mechanism of Fiber Distributed Data Interface.
2073 Bhadra (Q9) [4x2] — Write short notes on token bucket algorithm.
2073 Magh (Q3) [2+6] — What is PPP? Explain the fault tolerance mechanism of FDDI.
2072 Ashwin (Q3) [4+4] — What methodologies are used in data framing? How is a complete link established during dial-up connection?
2072 Magh (Q3) [3+5] — Write down the importance of error detection and correction bits. What are the different types of ALOHA?
2071 Bhadra (Q3) [3+2+3] — What is pure ALOHA and slotted ALOHA? Compare their delay at low load. Explain sliding window protocol.
2070 Bhadra (Q3) [8] — Explain different types of flow control mechanism in data link layer.
2070 Magh (Q3) [3+5] — What are the differences between error control and flow control? Describe cyclic redundancy check with example.
2069 Bhadra (Q3) [3+5] — What are the different methods of framing? Compare IEEE 802.3, 802.4, and 802.5 standards.

Unit 4: Network Layer

2081 Chaitra (Q4) [2+6] — What is dynamic routing? Give example. Explain link-state routing protocol, and explain Dijkstra algorithm to compute shortest path between nodes.
2081 Chaitra (Q5) [8] — Suppose a company has an IP address 223.75.80.0/24 from an ISP and needs to divide it into 4 networks containing 55, 24, 70, and 4 hosts respectively, plus a point-to-point router link. List the network address, broadcast address, usable IP addresses, and subnet mask for each network.
2081 Chaitra (Q8) [2+2+4] — How does the IPv6 packet format differ from IPv4, and what is the purpose of extension headers in IPv6? Explain how extension headers are used with examples.
2081 Chaitra (Q10) [2x4] — Write short notes on multicasting in IPv6.
2079 Chaitra (Q4) [2+8] — What are IPv4 address classes? How do you subnetwork a class C network block into subnets of 41, 14, 102, and 21 computers respectively? Explain with example.
2079 Chaitra (Q5) [2+6] — What is the difference between routed and routing protocol? How does link-state unicast routing work?
2079 Chaitra (Q8) [2+2+4] — What are the unique features of IPv6? Why do we need to migrate from IPv4 to IPv6? Explain one suitable transition approach.
2077 Chaitra (Q4) [8] — Perform subnetting of IP address block 194.53.0.0/24 for six departments having 2, 62, 120, 5, 14, and 16 hosts. List subnet mask, network address, broadcast address, usable host ranges, and wasted IP addresses in each subnet.
2077 Chaitra (Q5) [1+4+3] — What is routing? Describe flooding technique with its characteristics. Differentiate between distance vector and link-state routing.
2076 Baisakh (Q4) [8] — Given the IP address block 202.101.8.0/24, divide it for four departments requiring 50, 10, 25, and 100 hosts with minimal wastage. List subnet mask, network address, broadcast address, and usable host addresses.
2076 Baisakh (Q5) [1+3+4] — What is routing? What are static and dynamic routing? Differentiate between distance vector and link-state routing.
2076 Baisakh (Q8) [2+6] — What are the advantages of IPv6? How are IPv4 and IPv6 networks interoperable?
2076 Bhadra (Q4) [8] — A company has four departments with 20, 32, 60, and 24 computers. Assume an IPv4 class C public network address and design VLSM-based IP address blocks. Include network address, broadcast address, usable IP range, and subnet mask.
2076 Bhadra (Q5) [3+5] — What are the differences between distance vector routing algorithm and link-state routing algorithm? How are routing loops prevented in distance vector routing? Explain with examples.
2076 Bhadra (Q8) [2+6] — What are the advantages of IPv6 over IPv4? Explain various methods for transition from IPv4 to IPv6 with suitable diagrams.
2075 Bhadra (Q4) [2+6] — Why do we use dynamic routing? Explain with example how distance vector routing is used to route packets and why count-to-infinity problem arises, and how it is solved.
2075 Bhadra (Q5) [2+6] — What is private IP address? You are given an IP address block of 201.40.58.0/24. Perform subnetting for four departments with equal hosts.
2075 Bhadra (Q8) [4+4] — Distinguish between IPv6 and IPv4. Explain tunneling in IPv6.
2075 Baisakh (Q4) [3+5] — What are the factors affecting congestion? Explain the operation of link-state routing protocol.
2075 Baisakh (Q7) [4+4] — Compare the header fields of IPv6 and IPv4. Explain the process to simplify the writing of IPv6 addresses.
2074 Bhadra (Q4) [8] — Institute of Medicine has 4 colleges that need to be connected in the same network. Allocate 25, 68, 19, and 50 IP addresses using 202.61.77.0/24 with minimum loss. List IP ranges, network addresses, broadcast addresses, and subnet masks.
2074 Bhadra (Q7) [2+6] — Why is network layer the key layer in OSI reference model? Describe the working principle of OSPF routing protocol.
2074 Bhadra (Q8) [4+4] — Explain IPv6 with its frame format. What methods are used so that IPv6 and IPv4 networks are interoperable?
2073 Bhadra (Q4) [4+6] — What mechanisms are adapted for optimization of IP address use? Explain with example the use of subnetting showing network address, broadcast address, and subnet mask.
2073 Bhadra (Q7) [3+5] — Why has the world decided to migrate to IPv6? Which method do you suggest for migration from IPv4 to IPv6, and why?
2073 Bhadra (Q9) [4x2] — Write short notes on distance vector routing.
2073 Magh (Q4) [2+6+2] — What is the importance of routing in computer networking? Explain how distance vector routing operates dynamically. What is its problem?
2073 Magh (Q5) [2+6] — What is physical address? You are given the IP address block 201.40.58.0/24. Design the subnet for 49, 27, and 1145 hosts so that IP wastage is minimum. Find subnet mask, network ID, broadcast ID, assigned IP, and unassigned IP range in each department.
2073 Magh (Q8) [2+6] — Explain IPv6 headers with features. Compare it with IPv4.
2072 Ashwin (Q8) [4+4] — Compare the header structure of IPv6 with IPv4. Write down the major advantages of IPv6 over IPv4.
2072 Magh (Q4) [4x2] — Explain the following terminologies: network layer, shortest path routing algorithm, link-state routing protocol, interior gateway routing protocol, and ICMP.
2072 Magh (Q5) [8] — Design IPv4 subnetworks for an organization having 16, 48, 61, 32, and 24 computers in each department using 192.168.5.0/24.
2072 Magh (Q8) [4+4] — Explain and draw the frame format of IPv6. Describe tunneling in IPv6.
2071 Bhadra (Q4) [1+5+2] — What is dynamic routing? Explain distance vector routing. What is count-to-infinity problem?
2071 Bhadra (Q5) [8] — Given the class C network 204.15.5.0/24, subnet the network to create the required host groups shown in the figure.
2071 Bhadra (Q8) [8] — Why is IPv4 going to be replaced by IPv6? Is IPv6 address 2002::3A03::01:BFF5 valid? Justify your answer.
2071 Magh (Q5) [1+7] — What is subnet mask? If there are 5 departments requiring 27, 28, 7, 12, and 8 hosts, design the subnet with minimum loss of IPs and write the starting and ending address of each subnet.
2071 Magh (Q8) [3+2+3] — Draw the header structure of IPv6. Explain the major improvements of IPv6. How is IPv4 address converted into IPv6 address?
2070 Bhadra (Q4) [2+6] — What is link-state routing? Describe the working process of OSPF with an example.
2070 Bhadra (Q5) [8] — A large number of consecutive IP addresses are available starting at 193.122.2.1. Suppose Pulchok, Thapathali, WRC, and ERC request 6000, 2000, 4000, and 2500 addresses respectively. Design the network and find the first valid IP address, last IP address, and mask in w.x.y.z/s notation for each organization.
2070 Bhadra (Q8) [4+4] — "IPv4 and IPv6 coexistence" what does this mean? Explain header translation approach with an appropriate figure.
2070 Magh (Q4) [2+6] — What is routing? Explain BGP protocol and clarify how routing works on the internet.
2070 Magh (Q5) [8] — A large number of consecutive IP addresses are available at 202.70.64.0/19. Suppose four organizations request 100, 500, 800, and 400 addresses respectively. Perform subnetting so that address wastage is minimum.
2070 Magh (Q6) [2+6] — What is congestion control? Describe token bucket and leaky bucket algorithms.
2069 Bhadra (Q4) [3+5] — What are the major functions of network layer? Explain BGP in detail.
2069 Bhadra (Q5) [8] — Design a network for Pulchowk Campus with 5 departments having 45, 35, 40, 23, and 30 computers by allocating public IPs with minimum loss. Assume the IP block yourself.

Unit 5: Transport Layer

2081 Chaitra (Q6) [3+5] — What are the differences between congestion control and flow control mechanism? Explain any one flow control mechanism used in transport layer.
2079 Chaitra (Q6) [2+6] — What is port addressing? How do you implement TCP socket for network communication?
2077 Chaitra (Q6) [2+6] — Why is port number used in networking? Explain TCP connection management with necessary figures.
2076 Baisakh (Q6) [2+6] — What is the importance of addressing at transport layer? Explain TCP connection establishment, data transfer, and connection termination with necessary diagrams.
2076 Bhadra (Q6) [5+3] — Draw the segment structure of TCP and explain it briefly. How is flow control addressed by TCP?
2075 Bhadra (Q6) [3+5] — What are the functions of transport layer? Explain the TCP segment format in detail.
2075 Baisakh (Q6) [6+2] — Explain transmission control protocol with its header format. Compare it with user datagram protocol.
2074 Bhadra (Q5) [1+3+4] — What is congestion? What are the techniques for congestion control? Explain TCP three-way handshaking process.
2073 Bhadra (Q5) [1+7] — What is socket? Explain connection management of TCP.
2073 Magh (Q6) [4+4] — Define UDP with its header structure. Explain the leaky bucket algorithm for traffic shaping.
2072 Ashwin (Q6) [3+5] — Explain TCP and UDP. Describe congestion control algorithm with example.
2072 Magh (Q6) [3+5] — What is the importance of socket on the internet? Explain transmission control protocol along with its frame format.
2071 Bhadra (Q6) [8] — Describe connection establishment, data transfer, and connection release in TCP protocol.
2071 Magh (Q6) [3+5] — Explain leaky bucket algorithm for traffic shaping. Differentiate between TCP and UDP.
2070 Bhadra (Q6) [4+4] — "TCP uses a three-way handshake to establish a connection." Justify. Explain how flow control is addressed by TCP.
2069 Bhadra (Q6) [2+3+3] — Why is multiplexing required in transport layer? Draw the TCP segment structure and compare TCP with UDP.

Unit 6: Upper Layers and Network Design

2081 Chaitra (Q7) [6+2] — What are iterative and recursive queries? Explain with suitable diagram. Discuss DNS records.
2079 Chaitra (Q7) [4+4] — What are mail agents? Discuss their functionalities.
2079 Chaitra (Q10) [2x3] — Write short notes on FTP server working principle.
2077 Chaitra (Q7) [4x2] — Discuss briefly HTTP, SMTP, and SNMP.
2076 Baisakh (Q7) [1+2+5] — What is DNS? Why is it used in the Internet system? Explain recursive and iterative queries with suitable diagrams and their applications.
2076 Bhadra (Q7) [2+6] — What is the difference between HTTP and HTTPS? Explain the working of DNS in detail.
2075 Bhadra (Q7) [2+6] — What is the function of proxy server? Explain the working of FTP in detail.
2075 Baisakh (Q5) [3+3+2] — Compare IMAP and SMTP. How is a request initiated by an HTTP client served by an HTTP server? How does HTTPS work?
2074 Bhadra (Q6) [3+2.5+2.5] — Differentiate SMTP and IMAP, HTTP and DNS, and port and socket in the context of TCP/IP layers.
2074 Bhadra (Q10) [2x4] — Write short notes on DNS queries.
2073 Bhadra (Q6) [3+5] — What is the difference between POP and IMAP? Explain DNS servers and their query types.
2073 Magh (Q7) [1+4+3] — What is DNS? How can you transfer mail over the internet? What protocols are used in it?
2073 Magh (Q10) [3x2] — Write short notes on hypertext transfer protocol and web server.
2072 Ashwin (Q7) [5+3] — Write down the process of e-mail transfer. Explain SMTP, POP3, and IMAP.
2072 Magh (Q7) [2+6] — Define SMTP. What are the importance of DNS and HTTP while you are browsing any website?
2070 Bhadra (Q7) [4+4] — Describe SMTP and HTTPS.
2070 Magh (Q7) [3+5] — Explain mail transfer and mail access protocol. Show how e-mail is transferred from one domain to another with an appropriate figure.
2069 Bhadra (Q7) [2+6] — What is HTTP? Explain the protocol with reference to request and response header structure.

Unit 7: Advanced Topics

2079 Chaitra (Q9) [2+6] — What are the different measures we can apply for network security?
2076 Baisakh (Q9) [3+5] — What is network security?
2076 Bhadra (Q9) [4+4] — What are the desirable properties of secure communication?
2074 Bhadra (Q9) [8] — List the properties of secure communication.
2070 Magh (Q10) [3+5] — What are the desirable properties of secure communication?

No matching questions were found in the provided papers for some newer micro-syllabus topics such as network topologies, standardization, several encoding schemes, NAT, ARP, standalone ICMP or DHCP theory, segmentation and reassembly, SDN, CDN, NDN, IBN, quantum networking, and broader recent trends in networking.